User:Gorgan Aparshahr

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FOR THE ATTENTION OF WIKIPEDIA VANDALS!

Sayın Türkçe bilen Wikipedıa üyeleri! Burası Şey Şamil oğulları. Bayağı Türkçülük şeklinde vandalıze etmeyin, Kafkaslı Avar/Auhar halkımızı hiç tanımadığımız herhangi tuhaf hrıstıyan "Peçenekleri" :-) olarak göstermeye çalışmayın. Sorular varsa sorun ve dostça konuşun!

Aşağıdaki redaksyon 12.01.2012 -de yapıldı vandalize edıci redaksyonlar'dan korumak için. Sağlıkla kalın!


Not to be confused with Eurasian Avars.
Avars
(Аварал)
Portrait of the unknown person in celebratory Daghestanian national clothes. Author: H. Mussayassul (the artist and political emigrant).1939
Awaral (also Ma'arulal)
Regions with significant populations
Russia: 814,500 (2002[1]),
primarily Dagestan: 750,000

Azerbaijan: 50,900 (1999[2])

Georgia: -
Languages
Avar
Religion
Sunni Islam[3]
Related ethnic groups
Northeast Caucasian peoples

Avars or Caucasian Avars are a modern people of Caucasus, mainly of Dagestan, in which they are the predominant group. The Caucasian Avar language belongs to the Northeast Caucasian language family (also known as Nakh–Dagestanian).

The tribe with common name "Aβar" and according to Encyclopaedia Britannica "one of a people of undetermined origin and language"[4], was the so called Turanian nomad people which to make their presence as "Pseudo-Avars" - in opinion of ruler of Turkic qaganate (Gőktürks) - in Europe[5].

The Avars inhabit most of the mountain part of Daghestan, and partly also its plains (Buynaksk, Khasav'yurt, Kizil'yurt and other regions). They also live in Chechnya, Kalmykia and other regions of the Russian state, as well as of Azerbaijan (mainly, the Balakan and Zakatala rayons - 50,900 (1999[2]) and Georgia (Kvareli Avars - 2,500). [citation needed]

In 2002, the Avars, who have assimilated some ethnic groups speaking related languages, numbered about 1.04 million, of which 814,500 live in Russia,[1] of which more than 750,000 in Dagestan. 32% of them live in cities (2002 number). [citation needed]

Symbol of Avarian Khanate
Avarian Wolf-Symbol in Atlas of Georgia. XVIII


In Turkey at population census number of the North Caucasian population is not underlined at all and they are considered as "ethnic Turks". According to Ataev B.M., accepting in attention A.M. Magomeddadaev's research, the avarian population should in 2005 more than 53.000[6]. The self-name of Avars is "Awaral" (also "Ma'arulal").

Avars as Highlanders and Armed People[edit]

The "МагIарулал" Ma'arulal means "inhabitants of the top grounds, mountaineers", but so named itself not everything earlier, the part of Avars belonged to other category "Хьиндалал" X'indalal (with soft "χ"), so-called "inhabitants of plains (warm walleys) and gardeners". The name Avars carries for Avars value narrower, especially national and is connected with former statehood. "Avar" is a significant part of the Avaria making Khunzakh Khanate, that formed approximately in XII century after disintegration of local empire Sаrir (The Throne). From the middle of XIX century this territory was the Avarian District of the Daghestanian area. Now it is the District Khunzakh (χunzaχ in a literary Avar language or χwnzaa in Av.local dialects) of Daghestan [7].

The modern literary language of Avars (Awar mac') as in olden time, and today is known among Avars as language of "boʔ" (bolmac'). Avarian word "boʔ" "army, armed people", according to reconstructions was originally *ʔωar[8] in the proto-avarian language ("ʔ" is here glottal stop).

Name "Avars" in connection with a problem of Avars "extérieur"[edit]

At the same time in modern Avarian language there are three kept ancient words with a basis of "awar": awarag "the enwoy, prophet, messiah", awara "obstacle, opposition"[9].(awara habize is "to make an obstacle, to resist") and awari "pommel of a saddle"[10]. There is also an Avarian river - "Awar ʕωr" (in Avarian) and "Avar koysu" in Russian.

All the three listed words are typical for ancient lexicon of the Iranian languages: Parthian "apar" Pahlavi/Middle-Pers. abar/aβar = "up,on,over" also "higher, superior"; abarag/aβarag "superior", abargar/aβargar "god,divinity", abarmanig/aβarmanig "noble"[11], apar amatan "to surpass", apar kardan/apar handaχtan "to attack"[12].

At the same time, according to morphology and grammatic rules of Middle-Persian language Aβarag "superior" it can to be translated also as "Aβarian", "Khurasanian", "Parthian" as we see it, for example in a word Middle-Persian Eranag - "Iranian".

The term "Avar" was known in X century. According to Arabian author Ibn Ruste so called governor of Sarir. The first authentic mention of population of Daghestanian Highlanders under the name "Avars" belongs to Yohann de Galonifontibus who in 1404 wrote, that on Caucasus there live "Circassians, Leks, Yasses, Alans, Avars, Kazikumukhs"[13]. "According to V.Minorsky, in Zafer-name (written in 1424), Daghestanian Avars are named Auhar.[14] Abbas Kuli-Aga-Bakikhanov in book Gulistan-i Iram (1841) on the basis of the chronicle "Derbend-name" wrote that "inhabitants of vicinities of Agran have been moved here from Khurasan. A residence of this emir also was Agran"[15]. The editor of this book- academician of the Academy of sciences of Azerbaijan Z.M. Buniyatov confirms, that the district Agran corresponds to the Caucasian Avaria[16]. This word "Agran" now for modern Avars not known, but according to Altiranisches Wörterbuch of Christian Bartholomae, aγra "erste, oberste; Anfang, Spitze" and aγra'va "vom Obersten, von der Oberseite stammend"[17].

Th. Nöldeke, H. Hübschmann, R.N. Frye, A. Christensen and K. Enoki always identify the Aparshahr / Abarshahr / Abharshahr or Abrashahr with Khurasan or “Nishapur”.[18] The Khurasan (χwarasan) in iranian studies known as "rise of Sun", Parthian apar, middle-pers/pahlavi abar/aβar "up, on, over" and parthian/middle-pers. šahr is old iran. χšaθra "empire, power, the sovereign house". Summary Aparšahr/Aβaršahr is very similar to a word "Oberland" in German. According to H. W. Haussig Aβaršahr means “Reich der Abar” and should be sought in south-western territory of the Western Turkish Empire.

In first time territory of Khurasan (including area Gorgan) owned tribe aparnak (parthians), moved here from Dakhistan/Dahistan (a part of territory of modern Turkmenistan) where they entered in confederation of Dahai tribes.On border of Khurasan Iranian Sassanides the powerful wall under name "Great Wall of Gorgan" or "Red snake" has been built. It should protect Iran from invasions so-called White Huns - Khionites (X'iiaona and Xyôn in Zoroastrian Texts[19] ). Later another wave of so-called White Huns - Hepthalites could grasp and long time to keep Khurasan. According to opinion of Richard Helli: "By such reasoning, the Ephthalites are thought to have originated at Hsi-mo-ta-lo (southwest of Badakhshan and near the Hindu Kush), which tantalizingly, stands for Himtala, "snow plain", which may be the Sanskritized form of Hephthal [20]. In 484 the Hephthalite chief Akhshunwar led his army attacked the Sassanian King Peroz (459-484) and the king was defeated and killed in Khurasan. After the victory, the Hephthalite empire extended to Merv and Herat.

As we known, the part of Hions has concluded the peace treaty with Iran and they became allies. Iran used tribe Hyaona/Hions in struggle against Byzantium. Thus, Hephthalites really lived in that Khurasan/Khorasan area. According to the Chinese classic Liang chih-kung-t'u, 滑 (pinyin: hua), was the name the Hephthalites used of themselves, and that is probably Chinese transfer of a similar word on sounding, - War/Uar.

As thinks Mehmed Tezcan:"...According to a Chinese record, the Hephthalites descended from a Ruan Ruan tribe called Hua in the Qeshi region (Turfan area). This tribe came to Tokharistan and soon settled also in eastern regions of Khorasan at the beginning of the Vth century. About the same days, the Avars / Awars appear in the sources. Again, in his well-known Atlas of China, A. Herrmann shows the eastern regions of Khorasan, Tokharistan etc. as a dominions of Afu/Hua/Awars/Hephthalites at the times between ca. 440 and 500 A.D., relying on the identification Hua = Uar = Awar[21].

Well-known in the scientific world German researcher Karl Menges considered Eurasian Avars one of ancient Mongol peoples, which "were the first to use the title ga gan (later qān, ḵān) for their supreme ruler." Further listing ancient Mongol speacking peoples it obviously has in view of Avars Caucasian when it mentions the "...traces of a Mongol residue in Daghestan"[22]. To supporters so-called of the old Turanian nomad horde "infiltrate" points of view (with various clauses) also belong following scientists: Josef Marquart, Omeljan Pritsak, Vladimir Minorsky, Vladimir Baileys, Harald Haarmann[23], Murad Magomedov[24], Alikber Alikberov[25], Timur Aytberov[26].

Language[edit]

Main article: Avar language
Party (in village Chokh of Ghunib District). Author: Halil Beg Mussayassul.1935
Old Avarian cross with Avarian inscription in the old Georgian alphabet.

The Avar language belongs to the Avar-Andi-Tsez subgroup of the Alarodian Northeast Caucasian (or Nakh–Dagestanian) language family. The writing is based on the Cyrillic script, which replaced the Arabic script used before 1927 and the Latin script used between 1927 and 1938. More than 60% of the Avars living in Dagestan speak Russian as their second language.

History[edit]

The earliest mention of the Avars in European history at their current location is from Priscus, who declared that in 463 AD a mixed Saragur, Urog and Unogur embassy asked Byzantium for an alliance, having been dislodged by Sabirs in 461 due to the Avars' drive towards the west.[27] According to the head of the Soviet archaeological-ethnographic expedition of 1945 - 1948, these Caucasian Avars migrated to their present location from Khwarezm, which was originally populated by the Alarodian Hurrians from Subartu (which was to the south of Transcaucasian Iberia).[28] The Y-Chromosomal J Haplogroups typical for Avar men are still common today in the area of ancient Subartu. According to Omeljan Pritsak and some other scholars, this Avar invasion of the Caucasus resulted in the establishment of the Avar ruling dynasty in Sarir, a Christian state in the Dagestani Highlands, where the Caucasian Avars now live. It is not clear whether or in what way these Avars are related to the early "Pseudo-Avars" of the Dark Ages, but it is known that with the mediation of Sarosios in 567, the Göktürks requested Byzantium to distinguish the Avars of Pannonia as "Pseudo-Avars" as opposed to the true Avars of the east who had come under the Göktürk hegemony.[29] The modern Arab Encyclopaedia states that the Magyars originated in this area. The Gokturks might have had a different reason for granting the ethnicon to their subjects in the North-East Caucasus while objecting to their Central European relatives' associating themselves with that illustrious name.

Old Avarian popular symbols in stone and felt.

During the Khazar wars against the Caliphate in the 7th century, the Avars sided with Khazaria. Surakat is mentioned as their Khagan around 729/30 AD, followed by Andunik-Nutsal at the time of Abu Muslima, then Dugry-Nutsal. Sarir suffered a partial eclipse after the Arabs gained the upper hand, but managed to reassert its influence in the region in the 9th century. It confronted the weakened Khazars and conducted a friendly policy towards the neighbouring Christian states of Georgia and Alania.

In the early 12th century, Sarir disintegrated, only to be succeeded by the Avar Khanate, a predominantly Muslim polity. The only extant monument of Sarir architecture is a 10th-century church at the village of Datuna. The Mongol invasions seem not to have affected the Avar territory and the alliance with the Golden Horde enabled the Avar khans to increase their prosperity.

In the 15th century the Horde declined, and the Shamkhalate of Kazi-Kumukh rose. The Avars could not compete with it until the 18th century, when they increased their prestige by routing the army of Nadir Shah at Andalal. In the wake of this triumph, Umma Khan of the Avars (reigned 1774–1801) managed to exact tribute from most states of the Caucasus, including Shirvan and Georgia.

Two years after Umma Khan's death in 1801, the khanate voluntarily submitted to Russian authority. The Russian administration disappointed and embittered the freedom-loving highlanders. The Russians' institution of heavy taxation, coupled with the expropriation of estates and the construction of fortresses, electrified the Avar population into rising under the aegis of the Muslim Imamate of Dagestan, led by Ghazi Mohammed (1828–32), Gamzat-bek (1832–34) and Shamil (1834–59).

This Caucasian War raged until 1864, when the Avarian Khanate was abolished and the Avarian District was instituted instead. One portion of the Avars refused to collaborate with Russians and migrated to Turkey, where their descendants live to this day. Although the population was decimated through war and emigration, the Avars retained their position as the dominant ethnic group in Dagestan during the Soviet period. After World War II, many Avars left the barren highlands for the fertile plains closer to the shores of the Caspian Sea.

Notable Avars[edit]

The most prominent figures in Avar history were Umma Khan, Hadji Murat, and Imam Shamil. The most celebrated poet writing in the Avar language was Rasul Gamzatov (1923–2003). In Azerbaijan, there was an ethnic Avar Member of the Parliament (MP), Ali Antsukhskiy (elected in 1995), who was killed in 1996.

Famous Avar artists include Halil-Beg Mussayassul, whose drawings were shown at the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art,[30] and Kamil Aliev (a distant cousin of Musayasul[citation needed]) who is noted for his ornamental carpet work.[31]

A famous sportsman of Avar origin is a former WBO heavyweight champion Sultan Ibragimov.

The World War II submarine commander and hero of the Soviet Union Magomet Gadzhiyev was an Avar.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Russian 2002 census
  2. ^ a b Devlet İstatistik Komitesi, Azərbaycan Milli Elmlər Akademiyası İqtisadiyyat İnstitutu
  3. ^ An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires, By James Stuart Olson, Lee Brigance Pappas, Nicholas Charles Pappas, pg. 58
  4. ^ Avar // Encyclopaedia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2012
  5. ^ (Rásonyi, László Tarihte Türklük.-Ankara:-TKAE RAS, 1971,s.79)
  6. ^ (Ataev B.M Avars: Language,History, Writing.-Machachkala:DSC RAS, 2005,ISBN 5-944-34-055-X p.21)
  7. ^ (Kommentarii i primechania Z.Bunijatova//Bakikhanov A.K. Gulistan-Iram. -Baku:Elm, 1991,ISBN 5-8066-0236-2,p.219)
  8. ^ (Chirikba V.A. Baskskij i severokavkazskije hazyki//Drevnja Anatolija. Moscow -Nauka,1985,p.100; See also: Nikolaev S.L., Starostin S.A. A North Caucasian etymological dictionary. Moscow, 1994
  9. ^ (Saidov M.S. Avarsko-Russkij slovar'. Moscow,1967)
  10. ^ (SaidovM.S.,Mikailov Sh. Russko-Avarskij Slovar, Makhachkala ,1951)
  11. ^ (MacKenzie D.N. A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary.Oxford University Press,London, 1971,ISBN 0-19-713559-5)
  12. ^ (Rastorgueva V.S. Srednepersidskij jazyk, "Nauka", Moscow, 1966. S.82)
  13. ^ (Takhnaeva P.I. Hristianskaja kul'tura srednevekovoj Avarii(VII-XVI vv.) v kontekste rekonstrukcii politicheskoj istorii. -Makhachkala: Epokha, 2004.S.8)
  14. ^ [1]
  15. ^ (Bakikhanov A.K. Gulistan-Iram. -Baku: Elm, 1991,ISBN 5-8066-0236-2. S.45)
  16. ^ (Bakikhanov A.K. Gulistan-Iram. -Baku:Elm, 1991,ISBN 5-8066-0236-2,p.219)
  17. ^ (Bartholomae, Christian. Altiranisches Wörterbuch, Verlag von Karl J.Trübner, Strassburg,1904,p.49)
  18. ^ [2]
  19. ^ [3]
  20. ^ [4]
  21. ^ [5]
  22. ^ [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/altaic-the-altaic-peoples-and-languages-are-distributed-around-45-north-latitude-from-eastern-europe-to-the-pacific-ocean
  23. ^ [www.uni-klu.ac.at/eeo/Awarisch.pdf]
  24. ^ (Magomedov,M.G. Istoria avarcev, Makhachkala,2005.S.95-98, 124)
  25. ^ (Alikberov A.K.Epokha klassicheskogo islama na Kavkaze, Moskow,2003,p.172)
  26. ^ (I avarskij jazyk nuzhdaets'a v gosudarstvennoj podderzhke // Magazine «Narody Dagestana».Makhachkala,2002. № 5. S. 33 — 34)
  27. ^ Priscus. Excerpta de legationibus. Ed. S. de Boor. Berolini, 1903, p. 586
    Also mentioned in the Syrian compilation of Church Historian Zacharias Rhetor bishop of Mytilene
  28. ^ "Ancient Khwarezm" (Moscow 1948), Sergei Pavlovich Tolstov (1907-1976)
  29. ^ "Sixth Century Alania: between Byzantium, Sasanian Iran and the Turkic World" Agustí Alemany Vilamajo
  30. ^ http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:Hihdda7uz1kJ:www.jamestown.org/docs/Saidov-14Sep06.pdf+musayasul+metropolitan+museum&hl=de&ct=clnk&cd=5&gl=de&client=firefox-a, see page 13
  31. ^ Azerbaijan National Library retrieved May 11, 2007

See also[edit]

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Avars".


Category:Ethnic groups in Dagestan Category:Ethnic groups in Azerbaijan Category:Ethnic groups in Georgia (country) Category:Muslim communities of Russia Category:Muslim communities *

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